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The Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite system (GOES), operated by the United States' National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS), supports weather forecasting, severe storm tracking, and meteorology research. Spacecraft and ground-based elements of the system work together to provide a continuous stream of environmental data. The National Weather Service (NWS) uses the GOES system for its United States weather monitoring and forecasting operations, and scientific researchers use the data to better understand land, atmosphere, ocean, and climate interactions. The GOES system uses geosynchronous satellites which—since the launch of SMS-1 in 1974—have been a basic element of U.S. weather monitoring and forecasting. GOES data can be accessed using the SPEDAS software. ==Satellites== Four GOES satellites are currently available for operational use: * GOES-12 is designated GOES-South, currently located at 60°W .〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=GOES-12 Spacecraft Status Summary )〕 * GOES 13 is designated GOES-East, currently located at 75°W. It was placed in orbit on 24 May 2006, underwent Post-Launch Testing through early 2007, then replaced GOES 12 as GOES-East.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.oso.noaa.gov/goesstatus/ )〕 * GOES 14 is currently in storage at 90°W. It was temporarily designated GOES-East due to technical difficulties with GOES-13, and moved toward the GOES-East location, but after resolution of the GOES-13 anomaly GOES 14 returned to storage.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=GOES-14 Replaces GOES-13 as the GOES East Satellite )〕 It was launched on 27 June 2009, underwent Post-Launch Testing until December 2009 and then was placed in on-orbit storage at 105° W.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.oso.noaa.gov/goesstatus/ )〕 * GOES 15 was launched on 4 March 2010 and is designated GOES-West, currently located at 135°W over the Pacific Ocean.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=GOES-15 Spacecraft Status Summary )〕 Several GOES satellites are still in orbit, either inactive or re-purposed. GOES-3 is no longer used for weather operations, but is a critical part of the communication links between the United States and Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station. Geostationary satellites cannot ordinarily be seen at all from the poles, but they require station-keeping fuel to keep them stationary over the equator. When station-keeping fuel runs out, solar and lunar perturbations increase the satellite's inclination so that its ground track begins to describe an analemma (a figure-8 in the north-south direction). This usually ends the satellite's primary mission. But when the inclination is high enough, the satellite may begin to rise above the polar horizons at the extremes of the figure-8, as is the case for GOES-3. A nine-meter dish was constructed at the station, and communication with the satellite is currently possible for about five hours per day. Data rates are around 2.048 Mbit/s bi-directional under optimum conditions. GOES-8 (GOES-East when it was in operation) is in a parking orbit, currently drifting about 4°W daily.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=GOES-8 Spacecraft Status Summary )〕 It was decommissioned on April 1, 2003, and deactivated on May 5, 2004, after the failure of its propulsion system. Weather data was lost for 13 days from GOES-12 on December 4, 2007 when it performed a standard station-keeping maneuver. GOES-11 initially took "full disk" images to cover the lost data until a contingency plan could be implemented.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=GOES-12 Status Bulletin )〕 On December 5, 2007, GOES-10 was moved from South America operations to temporarily replace GOES-12 as the GOES-EAST operational satellite.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=CIMSS GOES Blog )〕 On 9 December, communication with GOES-10 was also temporarily lost, but communication was resumed via a backup antenna.〔(GOES-10 Status Bulletin )〕 GOES-12 was successfully reactivated and moved back to normal operation following a thrust maneuver on 17 December.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=GOES-12 Status Bulletin )〕 The trouble was traced to a leaking thruster valve, which pushed the satellite incorrectly. Emergency procedures were executed to cut off the valve, and a redundant thruster was activated to restore the location of the satellite.〔(GOES-M status )〕 GOES-10 was decommissioned on December 2, 2009 and was boosted to a graveyard orbit. It no longer had the fuel for required maneuvers to keep it on station.〔(Farewell to GOES-10 )〕 It joins GOES 8 and 9 which are already in graveyard orbits. With the cessation of GOES-10's duties, GOES-13 has replaced GOES-12 as "GOES-East". GOES-12 was then moved to 60° W and resume South American duties for GOES-10. GOES-11 had a partial failure 6 Dec 2011, was decommissioned on 16 Dec 2011 and was boosted into a graveyard orbit. GOES 15 was moved to 135° W as GOES West. GOES-13 was previously out of service, from 22 May to 9 June 2013, due to technical difficulties following a micrometeroid collision.〔 It is designated GOES-East, and is currently located at 75°W. It provides most of the U.S. weather information.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=GOES-13 Spacecraft Status Summary )〕 Image:GOES12Fulldiskvisible.png|GOES-12 visible light image. Image:GOES12Fulldiskwatervapor.png|GOES-12 water vapor image. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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